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Diabetes Mellitus Tests to Establish the Diagnosis
Are you experiencing any of these symptoms of the 4Ps: Polyphagia (excessive hunger), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Polyuria (frequent urination) or Pruritis? Do you fall asleep easily and get tired? Do you have a close relative, your father or mother, an uncle or others who have diabetes? Well, you should know about diabetes mellitus. However, to make a good diagnosis, you should visit your doctor and you will be sent for a blood test to check the blood sugar levels…
There are many tests that need to be conducted to determine if you have diabetes or not. These tests include:
#1 – Fasting plasma glucose test (FPGT). This test measures your blood sugar or glucose levels. You will be asked to fast for at least 8 hours before your blood sample is taken. This test is usually scheduled so that you can fast in the evening and take your blood sample in the morning. The result will show whether you have diabetes or are at the pre-diabetes stage.
#2 – Oral Glucose Test (OGTT). This test is meant to measure blood sugar levels in two stages. The first is similar to the FPGT which takes your blood sample after a fasting period of at least 8 hours. After you have your blood drawn, you will be asked to drink a type of syrup (sugar diluted in water). The second blood sample is taken after 2 more hours of your drinking. This test will determine diabetes, before diabetes.
#3 – Random plasma glucose test.It is also possible to measure your blood sugar level at any time, regardless of when you ate your last meal. This test, along with evaluating other symptoms, such as the 4P’s above, is used to diagnose diabetes but not pre-diabetes.
Positive results of these three tests should be confirmed by repeating the fasting plasma glucose test and the blood glucose tolerance test on another day.
Test Plasma Glucose (FPG).
This is the test for diagnosing diabetes because it is very convenient and reliable when taken in the morning. The test results can be read as follows:
- A fasting glucose level of 99 milligrams/dL or below means your glucose level is normal
- A fasting glucose level of 100 – 125 milligrams/dL determines that you are in the pre-diabetes stage known as abnormal fasting glucose (IFG). Type-2 diabetes is expected to become more common in the future, but it hasn’t happened yet.
- A sugar level of 126 milligrams/dL and above means that you have diabetes mellitus, however, it should be confirmed by another test on another day.
Oral Vomiting Test (OGTT)
Research has concluded that OGTT appears to be more sensitive than FPGT for diagnosing pre-diabetes. However, it is less convenient to manage. The test results can be read as follows:
- A blood sugar level after 2 hours of 139 milligrams/dL or below means your sugar level is normal
- A blood sugar level between 140 – 199 milligrams/dL 2 hours after drinking the syrup, determines that you are in the stage of pre-diabetes known as IGT or impaired glucose tolerance, which means you’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes in the future, but it hasn’t happened yet.
- A 2-hour blood sugar level higher than 200 milligrams/dL means you have diabetes, however, it should be confirmed by retesting another day.
To prepare the analysis of Gestational diabetes, can see the plasma glucose levels measured during the OGTT. But in this case, blood sugar levels are checked 4 times during the test with a time of one hour between the two blood tests. If your blood sugar levels are higher than twice at least during the test, you may be considered to have congenital diabetes.
The following plot shows the above results for OGTT in cases of gestational diabetes:
- Fasting – 95 milligrams/dL or more
- After 1 hour – 180 milligrams/dL or more
- After 2 hours – 155 milligrams/dL or more
- After 3 hours – 140 milligrams/dL or more
Note: Some laboratories may use other standards for this test.
Plasma Glucose Screening Test
A random plasma glucose level of 200 milligrams/dL or more, accompanied by the following symptoms, can determine that you have diabetes:
- Polyuria or frequent urination
- Polydypsia or excessive thirst
- Polyphagia or excessive hunger
- Pruriitis or itching
- Unexplained weight loss
- Or other symptoms such as fatigue, blurred vision, and chronic illnesses.
Based on those findings, your doctor will check your blood sugar level on another day using FPGT or OGTT to determine the disease.
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