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A Brief History of Bariatric Surgery
Bariatric surgery has gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to weight loss diets. More and more people are turning to this procedure to reduce their excess weight. The history of bariatric surgery can be traced back to the 1950s. Many innovations and improvements have been made since then to make the procedure safer.
The first bariatric surgery was performed in 1954, by a surgeon named AJ Kremen. This procedure is then called intestinal bypass. The upper and lower parts of the small intestine are connected together to bypass the middle part, where most of the absorption of food takes place. The idea is to reduce the amount of food processed by the intestines so that the body absorbs fewer calories. A similar procedure was developed by Swedish physicians at the same time. Here, the excess part of the small intestine has been removed. Many other methods of bypassing the digestive and absorption parts have also been tried by surgeons. However, patients who undergo surgery experience complications such as dehydration, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalance. Therefore, intestinal modification was abandoned, and safer bariatric surgery involving the stomach was introduced to eliminate earlier complications.
Gastric bypass was developed in 1966, by Dr. Edward E. Mason of the University of Iowa. He used surgical staples to create a partition in the upper abdomen. This partition reduces food intake. The pouch created gives patients a feeling of fullness, even if they eat little food. The procedure is called vertical banded gastroplasty. Despite complications in the initial procedure, further improvements were made; pouches made by clamping the upper abdomen were reduced in size to further reduce food intake, and elastic bands were then used instead of staples. Although this method proves effective at first, the band tends to stretch after a few years. Therefore, this form of bariatric surgery failed to gain widespread popularity.
A later innovation in the field of bariatric surgery was the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, which combines the principles of gastric restriction and dumping syndrome. Here, the surgeon creates a pouch by clamping the upper part of the stomach and attaching it to the small intestine. A small pouch, about the size of a thumb, causes reduced food intake and poor digestion. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has gained popularity because of the relatively few complications involved. Various types of bariatric surgery were developed later. Currently, there are eight types of bariatric surgery performed at most state-of-the-art hospitals across the United States.
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