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Pediatric Cardiac Surgery – How The Heart Works

We all know that the heart is an important organ in the body. Without optimal operation, the heart can trigger a laundry list of symptoms and problems throughout the body’s other organ systems. We cannot live without a heart, and a malfunctioning heart will not provide the same quality of life as a normal heart. That’s why pediatric heart surgery happens so often, to correct heart defects and abnormalities that would limit the lives of children and adults.

The heart is a complex mechanical pump, and like all mechanical things it can have problems and break down. It can be clogged, in need of repair, leaking, slow and poor performance, overworked and tired, etc. This is why researchers, doctors and scientists have spent decades trying to understand how the heart works.

When you can understand how to keep it working, you can prevent or reverse damage, deformity and disease.

Growing Need for Pediatric and Adult Cardiac Surgery Heart disease has long been the leading cause of death in the United States. More than two thousand people die each year from heart disease, with an average death every 44 seconds. To reduce the death rate, doctors often perform detailed examinations on newly born children. Early detection of these heart defects can help identify risk factors or existing heart defects that can develop into problems later.

Heart Design

The human heart is a hollow muscle in the shape of a gradual cone. It is located between the lungs, behind the sternum, where the rib cage meets in the middle of the chest. Two thirds of the human heart is located on the left side of the sternum while the other 1/3 is located on the right side of the sternum or midline area of ​​the chest.

The pointed or conical end of the heart, known as the apex, points down and to the left. For most of us, our heart measures the same size as an adult with its apex being 5 inches long, 3.5 inches wide and about 2.5 inches from front to back. The size of a human heart is about the same as a human fist.

In children the heart is smaller, which requires special procedures for pediatric heart surgery when surgical correction must be made.

Regardless of age, the heart consists of three layers. The outer part of the heart is a layer known as the pericardium. This is a fluid-filled sac that encases and protects the heart, protecting it from other organs such as the multi-layered lungs. The middle layer of the heart muscle is known as the myocardium and the inner layer of the heart is known as the endocardium.

Your Heartbeat

Depending on the severity of the heart defect and its effect on heart function, the doctor may detect a heart murmur which is an abnormality in the way the heart beats. This can often be heard with a stethoscope. Normal heart sounds resemble a “lub-dub lub-dub” sound. The first sound (lub) is the result of acceleration and deceleration of blood and vibrations in the heart when the tricuspid and mitral valves close. The second sound (dub) is caused by the same acceleration and deceleration of your blood, along with vibrations in the closing of the pulmonic and aortic valves.

The heart rate will vary. With pediatrics the heart naturally beats faster to compensate for the small body size. This is necessary for heat production. As we grow into adulthood, our heart rate naturally drops. A newborn baby for example has an average pulse rate of about 130 which can change up to 140 during the first few months of life. By the time most children reach their early teens, their heart rate will drop to around 80-90. As adults, our heart rate finds a home in the range of 60 to 100 depending on several factors including heart health, physical fitness level, smoking, alcohol use, diet, medications, etc.

Corrections in lifestyle are often the main recommendation to reduce the risk of heart disease but some families have a genetic predisposition to heart defects that is passed on to their children during fetal development. Over time, we hope to see a reduction in heart disease and less reliance on drugs and corrective procedures such as pediatric heart surgery.

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